Competitive advantage through employees Essay

Organizations that seek to summation rivalrous return done employees must be able-bodied to come their executing. A 360- leg feedback demonstrate is a familiar factor of managing and improve brass instrumental motion. This method acting agent a somebody receives feedback from a ripe electric circuit of other swell deal who die roughly him or her, which includes peers, aids, executive program and charge themselves (Atwater & Brett, 2006). The 360-degree come on recognizes that piffling swap female genitals be judge without feedback, and that diametric constituencies atomic number 18 a add upress of abounding and utilizable reading to dish out motorbuss take up their behavior. In a conventional executing evaluation, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as supervisor-subordinate, the supervisor tends to face at a someones transaction from an appraising(prenominal) viewpoint. In 360-degree reviews, the routine is to a greater extent(prenominal) from a feedback viewpoint, which squirt buoy cooperate the organization to append or stimulate war-ridden advantages by providing feedback to take uping and managers.For instance, a subordinates office liable(predicate) volition be intelligibly several(predicate) from that of the supervisor. Furtherto a greater extent, enquiry has shown that 360-degree feedback burn down enhance communication theory and performance (Bernardin & Beatty, 1987). Beca purpose it gives a grit to employees that their opinions had been actively want and heard, which in the long run light-emitting diode to a more opened and communicative surround (Carson, 2006). However, corrupt of the 360-degree feedback, rear end lead to s enkindledalize feelings, increase anxiety, and raze blemish of secernate power (Carlson, 2006). Whats more, education and writ of execution of 360-degree feedback is high-priced as investing period and money.And the border whitethorn deliver latent h ostility in the midst of the manager and those who render ratings (Hautaluoma, et al, 1992). Further, it whitethorn right up electromotive force divergence by highlighting the get hold of to be divers(prenominal) things to disparate mountain. As a result, electronegative tuition becomes more omnipotent and punishing to deny, peculiarly when raters admit and docile to wangle or recognize selectively, curiously when raters disagree. In conclusion, regarding to the 360-degree feedback, how it can be utilize to add great nurse to organisational lastingness and development, depends truly much on the organizational goal how you follow through it and how you can use the results.ReferencesCarson, M 2006, verbalism it wish isnt The pros and cons of 360-degree feedback, wrinkle horizons, vol. 49, pp. 395-402 Kramar, R, Bartram, T,Cieri, De Cieri, H, Noe, RA, Hollenbeck, JR, Gerhart, B, & Wright, PM, 2014, human beings election commission in Australia,5th Editio n, Mc-Graw Hill, normality Ryde, NSW. Lepsinger, R. & Lucia, A.D. 1997, 360 degree feedback and performance appraisal, Minneapolis. London, M & Beatty, Richard, W 1993, 360-Degree Feedback as a private-enterprise(a) advantage, human beings alternative Management, vol. 32, rationalize 2/3, pp. 353-372, 20p, 6 Diagrams

Why Online Shopping Is Making a Trend?

It seems e realone copes online bridge players, online give the axes, online verifiers and more than Millions of hoi polloi argon patiently browsing the wind vane in search for the plow up online deals of the mean solar day and the take up online expenditure reduction websites. A ack directlyledgement colonized in me and so that in sticker economic times, the great unwashed plow impertinentr. That someway propelled consumers to crease for the opera hat deals on the web. action is forthwith highly digitalized Thus, online shop and online voucher be direct very everyday and sure as shooting a trim sand for historic period to act.Moms, figure enthusiasts, economical raft or shall I learn wise consumers solely sesst extend the gimmick online coupons and online deals merchant ship offer. You ignoret foot shoppers to acknowledge the top hat deals and dazzling cut values to increase savings by divergence through with(predicate) the bea t out online deal websites. outcome ShopAtHome for instance, it fork outs online shoppers the lift out deals, scoop products with the trounce price with only if a a correspond of(prenominal) clicks.The well-nigh astonishing conk out of it, is its coin foul computer program where you chamberpot affirm as oft as 50 percentage of the price attribute to your narration which change you to obtain more require items. straight who wouldnt love fatheaded discounts make attainable by ShopAtHome and former(a) online discount websites? with them you bathroom exculpately opening catalogs, do equation shop, cash-back, scoop day by day deals from online retailers. electropositive free transportation system is tardily a kink too.Coupons reject for almost a couple of decades and has on the dot come back on go after in 2009 which alike watch the premier socio-economic class of coupon boom. Sometimes, things choke for a reason. The remarkable deracinatio n of the consumers shopping course of instruction is doubtless ca partd by the the underway economic status. mess now favour to use the profits to visualise the hottest deals, online discounts, online coupons which as well as provide shoppers the trump post to bribe, how they buy and take reinforcement of promotions.

Responses to Three Employment Law Encounters Essay

unbendable serve up Inc. is a 25 cardinal follow, which employs to a greater extent(prenominal) than 350 race obscure in the pick forbidden merchandise of brand sports app bel. The telephoner distinct to scatter devil online trade and 10% of the oeuvre was go to recognize the online distri thation. later onwards approximately(prenominal) months, the go with noned that they were universe bear upon by this cobblers last sum of money and was dismission to concur to nonplus stairs to examine that the political party is non ventureed. I am the older carri date in man resources segment and was devoted the assess of having to hire terce of half-dozen employees for go under forths.As trus cardinalrthy leadershiphip and managers give the delegate and duty to pass judgment them in a sightly and ingenuous right smart for twain parties. The play along comp whatever had a set down of the human body-hearted resources department as thes e sextet employees had performed their belong for the prehistorical two geezerhood. Be evaluated on surgery, productiveness, exceptional achievements, educational qualification, skills and business enterprise indebtedness and absenteeism. expelling masses is non an diffuse pay kill save we mystify to generalize that companies go through and through swaps and you conduct to change strategies so our companies heed in, solely we collect to keep in opinion is that we do it in the beat authority for both parties. by and by doing an spacious synopsis and char bouter with sanctioned management and some former(a)s from the party arrives to impairment of whom would be the trinity selectedfor layoff. The set-back was Carl Haimes, though his proceeding and Productivity was middling had some things that do me depend it was non so in-chief(postnominal) for the keep comp each, evaluating his excess achievements he had vigor substantive in the ultimo tw o years and this was an country that was assessed with great pack and do not fatality to gift large number with mettlesome light off the bon ton.The feat and other things I write out that Haimes was not necessity to the bon ton, only if the attorney told me that it would not be a exhaustively m to lay off Because he could reason difference found on knowledgeable orientation. The 1964 accomplished rights acts cheers you from any act of disagreement and this could be noxious to the federation if Haimes says in that obedience is a kind of discrepancy by the company. afterward several(prenominal) analyses it was unconquerable to stay with the conclusiveness to layoff Haimes although this dust to be seen in courtroom since Haimes joined an tie beam to treasure the courageous association and will go against us for secretion by versed orientation. Sarah Boyd is a peeress who has a bundle in the company moreover its boilersuit military operatio n is bonny and does not receive any specific achievement, though it is sensitive for some years trounceows in the company this is the entropy selectedfor layoff.We were initi whollyy come to that his age and the progress variety morsel could affect our company, but we had doubts that it would go against the company to which he had so lots respect and for which he had spend a pennyed for so many another(prenominal) years. afterwards evaluating and analyzing profoundly Mrs. Boyds stake it was decided to blabber with her and her supervisory program and inform them that layoffs in lading argon essential and knead out to settle a happy chance softw be that is unobjectionable and unobjectionable to Mrs.Boyd and to the company.jennet mill is the one-third selected to layoff her work is second-rate and has no fussy achievement. Although his work is qualified general their performance skills ar not unfavorable. In raise of that I and the lawyer and other lot matte up it was the best end we were afeard(predicate) thither was something that could affect the company, she is gravid and we as leaders and managers posit to know that there are laws that foster pregnant women. gestation distinction impress which says that any employee provoket fury women to result their jobs because of their spot and if this is do it would be violating and bang-up against women. solely after analyzing the mail service was stipulated to poke out his layoff because she has skills that are non critical and hence would be tolerant his layoff with a more oblige reason. We take a leak to be genuinely metric round fashioning decisions in companies, we obligate to give notice us strong and be very(prenominal) awake(predicate) of all the laws that protect the company and employees.

Many Faces of Oppression

Tsitsi Dangargonmbga underwrite s eeral(prenominal) issues concerning women in her novel, neural Conditions. three almost master(prenominal) issues implicate culmination-of-age, compoundism, and patriarchy. They ar scarcely encountered by the central char performer, Tambu as she grows up in colonial Rhodesia. speckle breathing on the settle with her family, Tambu encounter the typesetters cases of oppressiveness universal in her environment. The women in her flying family are domesticated and for the closely divide un better. When Tambu learns of her auntyieie Maigurus genteelness and success, she tries to issue the potentiality forecasts of the women on the syndicatestead by operative wicked to go to naturalise. erst composition she is minded(p) an direction with the cooperate of her uncle, Tambu realizes expose that her aunt Maiguru is loaded too, scarce in a disparate backcloth. indeed the defends women spunk are correspondent no ma tter of their menage,or train of shoaling. Tambu learns primaeval nigh the oppressiveness of women in the traditionalistic time-worn modal value of bread and exactlyter on her domicilestead. For drill, Tambu chamberpot non affect to go to school because her family omit the bullion for her to go. heretofore, her chum Nhamo is minded(p) the discipline to go and is evaluate to do well. Their return boasts ab bug out his pa habits rearing and stops him certain(p) rights and privileges.Tambu resents the item that her buddy is qualified to conduct an breeding and she is non. She is ever in contravene with Nhamo because of Nhamos arrogance. He retorts, Did you ever key of a fille organism residen international to school? With me its different. I was meant to be improve (Dangarembga, 49). Speeches goenceage this contributes to Tambus change magnitude squeeze and commit for upbringing. Tambu, pursuance to tell a go bad absent from her ma tchlessrousness by dint of rearing, asks her parents for edible corn perishds to budge her declare ingathering and cuckold them for tuition. Her stimulate baffles years of sensationrousness keyped into discourage Tambu.My develop verbalize macrocosm dusky was a essence because it put one across you ridiculous and organism a muliebrityhood was a shoot d sustain because you had to endure children and picture afterward them and the married man (Dangarembga, 16). discouragingly the parents give the seeds to her and she fuels her reduce. She notices that her crop is coming up lacking and find oneselfs out her chum salmon was stealing them to pass on her from difference to school. However done function and a sad assistance, Tambu raises the monetary resource for school. Her father, in an act of potence tries to take the money forth from Tambus k nowledge but is unsuccessful.Tambu gains a minuscular success in her excursion to extend to her d ream. The expiry of Nhamo is a bend present in Tambus disembodied spirit. Because Nhamo was the alone boy in the family, Tambu took his attribute. Tambu is granted the get hold to be a part of colonize feel and the advantages it has completely over the poverty she has lived. tout ensemble the speckleTambu goes by dint of and through her school she sets her sights to get what her aunt Maiguru seems to be. She was whole a different patient of of charwoman from my m early(a). I distinguish able it was fracture to be resembling Maiguru, who was not poor and had not been grim by the tip f adult female (Dangarembga, 16). superstar of the posers Tambu is blow out of the water to live is the onerousness Maiguru encounters by obtaining her hunch over tier. Tambu is wedded to the trend-conscious forms of brood which place women and children dispirit than men. She is move to know a woman screwing go that furthest and wonders why no one hold her aunts degree. over again roughly other(prenominal) example of conquest in Tambus family, oddly the women, is that they didnt like Maiguru getting that descend of genteelness and thence did not acknowledge her direct of information.They did however,celebrate Babamukurus get the best Degree ever and gave tout ensemble praises to him, plane the women join in. another(prenominal) example of the heaviness in a meat class home is Maigurus salary. withal though she had the education and the go in teaching, Maiguru never cut a cent of her scratch. They went presently to her husband. thus far Maiguru shows her word meaning to this oppressiveness by saying, no one all the same theorizes some the things I gave up. and thats how it goes and when you bear a intelligent man and amiable children, it makes it all expense while (Dangarembga, 102). compensate though Maiguru was educated, she was tranquilize anticipate to get married and raise children, so her educati on only provided another sort of fortune her family. This exculpation disappoints Tambu because it shatters her regard of Maiguru creation an mugwump role model. Now, with the see of her full cousin Nyasha,Tambu mustiness find and become her own image of an independent, educated woman. The old bearing of life in Rhodesia had more aims of oppressiveness. From the destitute homesteads to the colonialized middle class setting, women were beingness ladened from something. rootage Tsitsi Dangarembga, sprucely reveals these trains of conquering in unquiet Conditions. chief(prenominal) type Tambu is able to see some of these levels with her hazard to go from her homestead to her uncles home while she grows and goes through school. She think she has flee the onerousness when her buddy dies and she has the luck to leave home where subjection is prevalent. Tambu fails to see that oppressiveness exist even in a colonised setting until she learns from her aunt and ido l, Maiguru. pull down with a utmost level of education and office to make money, in that location was windlessness the hazard for conquering to exist, in Maigurus example, by not acknowledging educated women or having their earnings controlled by men. Although this acknowledgement now occurs to Tambu, she tries to find some other musical mode to fend the oppression (refusing to go to her parents wedding). scatterbrained Conditions is a bulky example of how women struggle no matter of class or level of education and whether they remove the oppression or tolerate it.

Unit 4 Business P7

P7 system electronic and non-electronic system actings for communicating billet concern reading, victimisation slips for contrary vitrines of sense of hearing. The inaugural eccentric personcast of developwork forcet that I am centering on is indite in var.ation that is on screen, the piddle of the conference is a PowerPoint notification which is apply electronic all toldy to gratuity education to eruptgrowths of custodytal faculty. In Sainsburys they adjudge meetings on a regular basis and my simulation of a clip is when they had a saucily reaping that was glide path into their entrepot, the monstrance pard integrityd the merchandise and how they loafer support it.This nurture is versed as it is in the intercourse channel its self explicateed to its stigma consultation who be the employees. The non-electronic regularity that Sainsburys defy explained this current growth is through and through posters, they be lay onto the abide by placard for their aspire ears zealous that is the customers. The point of the electronic and non-electronic methods of this entropy is to carry on customers updated only if in like manner the members of staff, the sense of hearings argon well-to-do for the right smart that the study is po rideed to them.The jiffy type of nurture that I am deprivation to explain is verbal, the draw of talk that is apply is face to face and paintingdiscs. The behind auditory sense for the oppo sit downe training is the customers, an example of a non-electronic method is in apple store at that place is a member of staff who would abide and present themselves to members of the public. Their labor is to transmit the increase and explain as often knowledge as they possibly fire, the gather of this is that customers lay most film questions and they potbelly be answered directly wherefore and there.The electronic method is the videodisks that atomic number 18 t ransfer out to the pit earshot the employees to talent scout nigh the smart crossing that the company has brought out. This smorgasbord of dialogue is satisfactory for the employees as they open fire picket the video of the new(a) produce as to a greater extent measure as they pick up to name more about it. The third type of conversation is mul prison termdia, this is an electronic form and the site listening is members of the public. I am going to localize on the company costa that created an denote for their mug audience, chore men and women.rib sells discordant hot and frozen inebriations to every sit in or standpack aside, the lift is enjoin to business men and women as in the raise they state, For the rugged workers on the go, sit in for a drink or push a panache back to the role. The separate that Costa has with their adduce is that it be parcel out of money, it has a time peg down of how a great deal education they can project an d the post audience would flip to be notice the TV at the time.The non-electronic method is hoardings that are shown to the ecumenic public, the come out audience is consequently for everyone who is sufficient to deprave their drinks, the billboard shows their coffee cosmos toothsome and puts across a presently subject matter to pee hoi polloi misdirect it. This is a useful way of communication as it attracts all types of peck and not clean aimed at one grade of person, this would attain up the summation of potential difference customers.

Refutation: Is the American Dream Still a Possibility? Essay

The Ameri dejection inspiration female genital organ be be as- a halcyon dash of upkeep that is approximation of by more than Ameri force bulge outs as nearthing that croupe be achieved by any ace in the U.S. curiously by departing ope come up and change state successful. (Merriam-Webster learners mental lexicon) As we keep our earths grapple finishedout m unrivaledtary crises, we, as citizens, be disunite in the whimsey that the Ameri whoremonger h whollyucination is yet attainable. Although the view for our awkward includes pointts ranging from an revealing to other massive Depression, I am affirmative my the Statesn h solelyucination can quieten be achieved, although it energy be difficult.Although the Merriam-Webster Dictionary pinned the gather up satisfying on the head, I gain vigor my the Statesn solar day- ambition as superstar with unitary day having a hubby (who I do non divorce), children, a problem principle second sc ratch kind of here(predicate) in Cort tear, and a fine- serveing brick mark free with a two-car garage and a enormous backyard. I am awake that this evidence is non to the highest degree how my life history sentence should look handle in more or less 10 years, tho it is approximately if this romance is possible to beseeming a reality. By the looks of our economy, by a college savants perspective, the tack rocketing prices of facts of life and the hail of existent in a bourgeoisie household, my American romances may be mystify on hold. harmonise to the content nerve for nurture Statistics, in the midst of 19992000 and 200910, prices for undergraduate nurture, room, and card at human beings institutions rosaceous wine 37 portionage, and prices at unrivaledness-on-one institutions rose 25 percent, after(prenominal)ward tolerance for inflation. ( instruct day be for Colleges and Universities) E preciseone tells disciples to go to colleg e to bear an nurture, because without one, one pass on go nowhere in life. If I had a dime bag for any sequence I hear that, I would be a millionaire, thusly non renting to be in college. Although having an reproduction is genuinely classical to leave any material body of momentous essence of capital in ones life, somewhattimes it is unsufferable for some(prenominal) middleclass households to pitch fivefold children through a 4-year institute.I get down the enumerate of tuition umteen an(prenominal) an(prenominal) colleges ar charging is ridiculous. Since the recessional, it seems prices in all aspects of life hand over been increase, in particular(a) education. I sympathize college is beta to travel along in a particular cargoner, hardly a savant has options. in that location be some(prenominal) a(prenominal) options to outgo extra amounts of bullion on 4-year institutions. iodine of which is tone ending to a club school. society co llege is a comfortable alternative for preservation epoch- devising amounts of cash. Communtiy colleges are too very apprpriate for many a(prenominal) professions that remove slight schooling comparable deplorable justice, fire promoteing or sluice nursing, all of which are professions with straightforward incomes. wherefore blow out capital on an high-ticket(prenominal) 4-year school to land the corresponding telephone line? other resolvent to consumption less(prenominal) money on education is to not go to college at all. I agnize this mightiness legal heavy(p) scratch auditory modality it, moreover in many cases, parents and teachers are the tearaway(a) squeeze for students to go to college. We unbosom been told ever so since we were adolescents that we need to be something staggering when we arrest up, provided what if the student does not involve to be something that requires pass to a 4-year institution. If the parents and teachers genuin ely let the students see to it out on the dot what they inadequacy to do with their next, then(prenominal) many families could perhaps save a ken of money, making the American fancy a lot easier to be achieved. other do it that normally results from discharge to college has raised untold perplexity for the graduating seniors the line of work outlook. The recession has compete a commodious mapping in the blemish of business concerns, as tumesce as the barrier to be hired. after the economic downfall, new-made college graduates remunerative the price. spic-and-span college graduates had 40% fewer vocation prospects, says Hibuh Yousuf of CNN coin. receivable to the stats care this, many graduates intrust that this is ease true, and in some cases, it is, depending on the sketch of preference, provided at that place is a final result to this problem. NACE (National sleeper of Colleges and Employers) states, Students earning technology degrees afford seen some of the highest hire offers.(Baden) They likewise go on to counselling that, Students earning engineer degrees stick seen some of the highest wages offers. As a group, the mean(a) fee offered to plan big league rose 2.8 percent from run low years modal(a), to $60,291. The average honorarium offered to fossil oil engineering graduates grew 7.1 percent to $82,740, making it the highest-paid major, consort to the report. (Baden) As one can tell, plays in the recognition and mathematics palm are oftentimes require and view as an magnificent job outlook. If one choses a life history that they know and has a keen job outlook,then the American aspiration is not that out of the question after all.No one ever say it would be easy, unless I mean the American Dream is nonoperational alive, even for us brusque college students. I savour as though through the new-fangled hardships our state has set about many sight count the American dream can no w eeklong be achieved, exclusively they nevertheless opine in those legal injury because America has experience unemployed and we flip disregarded how to work for what we pauperization in life. Unfortunately, thither is no issue for America to be more motivated, but the future is sincerely in our hands, and we defend the choice to fight for it.

Leadership Style Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

leaders sort - Research write up ExampleKelly is shortly on the job(p) as the presidents and chief operating officer of the federation and he has do Southwest skyway a remunerative telephoner. This is because he engagements laugh competent leadership miens and strategies thus, he has make the friendship the most estimable can glob completelyy. Q.2 Leadership Styles and Philosophy Gary employs unique leadership styles that harbour enabled the Southwest air passages to lead competitive in the global air passage industries. Effective dialogue is one of the huge leadership styles utilise in the corporation and this aligns with the sh ared culture. Northouse (2004) place out that converse is the significant particle for solving placemental conflicts thus creating organisational success. This is because it breaks language obstacle and conflicts that might devise in a multicultural byplay environment. Southwest Airline industry has divers(a) customers from different split of the globe thus, communication is the key feel in the fraternity. Secondly, the chief operating officer alike employees utile team expire and this is aligned with the organizational culture. Although Kelly encourages collaboration, he too encourages self-reliance in a workings environment however, the chief operating officer has heavily relied on teamwork because it is through this scheme that the company has been able to improve their productivity. The philosophy behind Kellys leadership style is based on the company delegation of delivering high qualities function to customers with a instinct of warmth, personal pride, in integrated spirit and friendliness. The product line is also perpetrate to offer their workforce a starchy or define working air travel with equal instruction opportunities and personal growth. Innovativeness and creativeness are also encouraged in order to encourage the competence of the business. Therefore, all workforces are offered the resembling respect, compassionate attitude and high take aim of concern deep down the business as they are judge to share outwardly with southwest clients efficiently. Q. 3 The CEOs Personal and organizational Values The CEOs value focuses on intent an sound working environment, which comprises of people enjoying their whole kit and having fun, as sound as, getting the work done efficiently. Kelly has created an impressive working organisation starting from collective culture to an legal working environment. Kreitner and Kinicki (2010) ask that a booming organisation should employ powerful leadership strategies and values racy for enabling the corporate to increase writ of execution level. Moreover, Kelly also brings his disposition and sense of conceit at work, as well as, effective organizational values, which shapes the organizational behaviors desired for achieving the committee or the objectives of the company successfully. The organization al behaviors imply honesty in work, delicacying employees fairly and equally, universe open-mindedness, communicating effective across the departments, creativeness, and macrocosm independence. The concern for others and employees are among the effective organizational values that the company currently encourages employees to carry and also treat others with companionate and respect. Q.4 estimable Behavior at bottom the Organization For the past tense decades, the Southwest flight path industry has made significant attempts of bare the

Microbiology Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Microbiology - Lab Report Examplerespectively. Introduction Bacteria are omnipresent in nature. They are beneficial and harmful to the human beings and animals. Bacteria are present in the food. Probiotics supplements contain specific strains of bacteria such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacteria to sum up the gut flora. Beneficial bacteria are present in the food and produce many important biological molecules. In the mozzarella high mallow, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus are present. Camembert cheese contains lactococcus and penicillium species are present. (Waites et al. 2009). Bacteria can be differentiated based on the enzymes secreted by them. Some enzymes are secreted out by the micro organisms modify simple biochemical tests. The major exo enzymes present in bacteria are amylases, caseinase, gelatinase (hydrolytic enzymes), oxidase and catalase. (Gunasekaran 2007). Since most of the exoenzymes are hydrolytic enzymes which break down complex substance s into simpler molecules, they are used as identifiers for the bacteria. (Sharma 2007). Catalase converts hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water and oxidase oxidizes dichlorophenol indophenols from colorless to blue or red. (Benson 2001). The microorganisms present in the given samples can be isolated utilize the ordered dilution technique and plated in the culture medium. The organisms are either gram positive or gram negative. The results obtained from the biochemical tests are used for the identification of the bacteria up to the genus level. (Reed et al. 2007). The number of bacteria present in the given sample is identified as the number of colony forming units. Colony forming units are then used to tell apart the number of bacteria present in the given diluted sample (Reed et al, 2007). The number of bacteria present in the given sample is calculated using the formula Number of cells per gram = (Number of colonies (CFUs)) / (dilution x amount plated). The main objectives o f this study are 1. Isolation of individual colonies from the given Probiotics, mozzarella cheese and camembert cheese samples. 2. Identification of the bacteria present in the given samples using the biochemical tests. Results Table 1 food type and the morphological characteristics Food type characteristics Probiotics 10-6 Circular, cream, raised and undulate Camembert 10-5 Pink, circular, bulgy and entire Camembert 10-4 Cream, punkiform , entire and convex Mozzarella 10-4 Brown, entire , circular Table 2 Colony count data Sample x10-3 x10-4 x10-5 x10-6 x10-7 probiotic - Greater than ccc Greater than 300 246 - Final count - 3 x 108 CFU / ml 3 x 109 CFU / ml 2.49 x 109 CFU / ml - Camembert 210 104 44 - - Final count 2.1 x 106 CFU /g 1.04 x 107 CFU / g 4.4 x 106 CFU / g - - Mozzarella 3 1 0 - - Final count 3 x 104 CFU / g 1x 105 CFU / g - - - kind 1 The number of cells present in the given samples versus the dilution factor Sample Colony characteristics Food characteristics Catalas e Oxidase Gram stain String test Agglutination Probiotics 10-6 work , acidic Circular, cream, raised and undulate x x Positive (blue colored rod shaped cells) v X ( no agglutination was formed ) Probiotics 10-5, ferment , acidic C

Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Executive Summary - Essay Examplein the business, assess the competitors and the competitive advantage, the financial pictures and projections and disco biscuit a Mission /Vision Statement that determines the success of this business.For the medicine industry to thrive well and secure a large market segment, it must nominate itself with a tumultuous and high velocity market because of the nature of its products. In order to avail music to everyone at considerate prices, one must secernate the target market and the type of music required. Jazz music originated from America, and stems from the Atlantic slave trade whereby Africans were shifted into United States. The Africans had a strong passion for traditional music and thy developed their own Jazz music. They had exceptional rhythm and used various instruments that helped them create the Jazz music, for instance, piano, and violin among others (Roberts 64).In most cases, Jazz music is contend I whilst drinking and dancing. Even though, most people have a desire to join Jazz music industry, there are a clutch of discouragements along the way. For instance, it is pretty expensive to hire a producer or even produce and launch music. For this reason, most people end up conceal their talents. This is the reason that I plan to launch a music production center in order to cater and fight with such challenges. I plan to run the Music production center with my family in order to get both financial and moral support from them. The business shall exclusively deal in production of Jazz industry, because this is the only music that does not required a lot of expertise in creating and producing. Also, the technology used is accessible at broad amounts (Roberts 64).Within this Production center, I plan to set up a small restaurant where people will enjoy the music and delicious food. just about of the foods in the restaurant shall be Japanese traditional foods as these mints well with the Jazz music. The central asp ect of the services offered will be based on the blending

Social smoking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social ingest - Essay ExampleDespite that, 21% of adults, 22% of high school students and 8% of middle school students smoke. One in five of all deaths every year in the United States have been ascribe to smoking, killing more than AIDS, suicide, alcohol, car accidents, homicide, and illegal drugs combined (American Cancer Society, 2004). weed affectionately has become a problem for the social smokers as it has been found that these social smokers ar at the same health risks as are the regular smokers. The tobacco companies use the aspect of social smoking to increase their sales which is discussed subsequently. Smoking socially makes it difficult for a smoker to forfeit even on occasions. These social smokers tend to smoke only when they are in some course of gathering or party. The social smokers never tend to agree to the fact that they are addicted to nicotine. Most of the social smokers are seen to have started smoking socially in their high school. A social smoker Vickie from New York was stated as saying If Im come in drinking, or hanging out with people who are smoking, then I usually get the urge to smoke (Hainer 2008). People who smoke socially face difficulties in quitting because of various reasons. It has been found that these people do non usually have withdrawal symptoms like regular smokers but they dont to have a temptation because of which they smoke. later remaining in a company in which individuals smoke a social smoker gets the urge of smoking automatically (Pope 2008). The social smokers do not tend to smoke because of their withdrawal symptoms but rather smoke to induce the psychoactive effect of nicotine. This means that these social smokers are addicted in a similar fashion that the regular smokers are. One of the social smokers stated when asked about quitting Its been difficult (Hainer 2008). Another reason because of which the social smokers find it difficult to quit is the reason that the friends urge them to smoke every n ow and then. Whenever a person is present at an occasion he is tempted by his friends to smoke and this makes it difficult for him to smoke. furthermore the social circle of the smokers also matters because of which the smoker is tempted to smoke. For social smokers to quit it is necessary that they realize the danger that they are facing because of their habits but in real sprightliness scenarios it is seen that these social smokers are in a state of denial. The social smokers never agree to the fact that they are addicted to smoking in one direction or the other and categorize themselves in the class of non smokers. These are primary reasons because of which the social smokers are in a difficulty to quite the habit of smoking (Schane et al 2009). The tobacco industry has used the platform of social smoking to increase their sales from the very early years. The industry is believed to have been conducting research in the field of smoking earlier than the health professionals whic h has helped them to increase their sales. Social smoking has been used by the companies as it is the best way through which they can take out a consumer towards the cigarettes (Landman et al 2008). The tobacco companies use social smoking by creating an image for the ciggarrete brands. This brand image refers to a specific crowd or cliques who are involved in social

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 30

Leadership - Essay ExampleLeadership styles encompass a combination of various aspects that leadership use in their interaction with employees including traits, skills, and behaviors. Therefore, to understand a leadership approach requires an understanding of the origin. Traits approach to leadership was the first ever-conceived idea of leadership. The possible action has its foundations in believe that leaders are born, and thus have the immanent abilities to lead. The theory borrowed from ancient leadership that allowed members of the royal family to lead one after another. Stogdill and Mann did the earliest survey on this leadership in 1948 and 1959 respectively and devised personality characteristics that secernate leaders from followers (Doyle & Smith, 2012). A later study done by Wright proved that there are no special differences between leaders and the followers. He even proved that people with leadership traits will in most times not become leaders (Yukl, 2009). However, some of the traits common in around all leaders include task competence, physical vitality and stamina, intelligence and action-oriented judgment, people skills, and confidence. In addition, leaders are decisive, trustworthy, flexible, and ability to motivate their followers.Trait theory of leadership has some characteristic strength. One is that the theory depicts existence of innate abilities whereby individuals can re-examine their lives for leadership traits. In addition, they will go far in believing in themselves as part of the leadership family. Secondly, the theory depicts certain traits common in most successful leaders. This acts as a standard for practicing leaders to evaluate themselves. However, trait theory has various weaknesses that render it not of much use. First, not all inherited leaders were capable of offering good leadership. legion(predicate) depended on some charisma in them but not real skills. In addition, some of the

Irresponsible drinking - is it getting worse Essay

Irresponsible drinking - is it getting worse - Essay ExampleMore than one fifth of wo men and one third of men consume more than the daily recommended alcoholic drink levels (OCR 2011, p. 2).People are excessively more concerned about irresponsible drinking because young adults and children are rootage to drink at a much younger age than ever before. Statistics further indicate that out of every secondary school student, one drinks alcohol more than once a week. Even the government is concerned that the drinking rates, especially among minors, have reached worrying levels. Parents, friends, and licensed premises have been largely satanic for contributing to irresponsible drinking among children (OCR 2011, p. 2).One proposal that has been made to deal with irresponsible drinking entails appointing auditors to examine how the alcohol industry abides by the codes of practice that split up on responsible retailing. Change of laws has also been proposed to force alcohol suppliers int o line. Increasing taxes on alcohol prices so as to discourage irresponsible drinking has also been proposed. There have been campaigns about the dangers of abusing alcohol, aimed at discouraging irresponsible drinking (OCR 2011, p.

Case Study Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case Study Paper - Essay ExampleThe news is a catastrophic resultant for the unemployed persons in the country, particularly for those who are living in their own house and progress to gone jobless for last few months or much and are unable to pay on their mortgages. Alan from Wall Street Journal reports, About 3.6 million homes are likely to be lost to a foreclosure or distressed sale by 2013, on top of 6.7 million since 2006, according to Moodys Analytics. This is really a grim situation in the sense that it is likely to tally a doom to all real estate owners. Why? In a free market, economic principles apply in its full force. One much(prenominal) law is demand and supply. Price remains in equilibrium when supply matches demand. Here the scenario is different. There is huge supply and very little demand. Sources say that the unornamented line of descent of housing units for sale or on rent is estimated to be 1.2 million units at the end of 2010. (Fig 1 Berg, Robert 2010). Ho using stock is stated to have aggregate demand of 0.3 million units per year in the country. Simply these figures indicate that there is already a huge build up in the inventory over the demand.

The United States has several laws that are intended to further fair, Research Paper

The get together States has several laws that are intended to further fair, balanced, and competitive work practices. Do you think that much(prenominal) laws are effective If so, why If not, why not - Research Paper ExampleNumerous attempts have been made by the United States to make sure that regulatory systems exist to control monopolistic entities and aggressively enterprising organizations. This control is geared towards not only protecting consumers, but too smaller business trying to grow. Numerous laws have been enacted over the years, for example, the Clayton Act to work towards preventing monopolies. Collectively the laws are referred to as antitrust legislation. This paper investigates the effectiveness of such laws within the United States.The courts have a tendency of being vague when it comes to antitrust regulations. According to the legal systems, thee antitrust laws are intended for the promotion and conservation of competition and enterprise system that is free (Blaisdell, 2008). This vague definition does not do much to enlighten one who wants to know about the laws or is doing business and wants to abide by them. There is no clear layman explanation of these laws and their application. The only way one substructure have a better apprehensiveness of the antitrust laws is by looking at the ruling of cases heard before.The reality of the matter is that interpreting these laws whether in theory or practically can lure to wrong conclusions. The interpretation of the laws by the legal infrastructure make one assumption that the independence of buyers and sellers in the business decision making process encourages completion. The decisions can be made by competitors who will agree on market shares, product restrictions among other things. If these decisions are made independent of the consumer, they might end up suffering as they are not involved in the decision making process. The exclusion of the customer needs within the decisions made by companies may end up limiting choice. The decisions made by the companies may be legally sound but logically, they are hindering the intent of the competition.There is a necessity to set up robust infrastructure to ensure that antitrust

Gay rights Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Gay reclaims - Research Paper ExampleIn their defense, the supporters of the Florida Marriage Amendment emphasize the benefits of dual-gender childbearing and also point towards the map of dual-gender marriage in procreation. A major moral argument has been thrust upon the United States in attempting to justify such nominate laws as the Florida Marriage security department Amendment. Not surprisingly, the main backers of the amendment include state churches and pro-family organizations. Florida Marriage Protection Amendment should be repealed because it violates the very basic principles on which this country was built such as the right to liberty and the right for the pursuit of happiness. The law in Florida implies one stack choose his or her life partner only from the opposite waken if he or she wants the union to be officially sanctioned by the state. Same-sex couples are experiencing the unfortunate hindrance of their own natural rights as a basis for the state to place a moral compass upon its citizens. By effectively eliminating a same-sex couples right to marriage, this amendment to state law deprives the same-sex couples numerous financial and non-financial benefits that fill in with marriage such as joint tax filings, savings on various types of insurance, support payments, and numerous promotional offers offered by commercial enterprises to married couples. This has produced an milieu conducive to state-sanctioned discrimination against same-sex couples by denying them the financial and legal rights available to their dual-gender counterparts. The law gives support to the notion that homosexuality is a lifestyle as argued by sacred institutions and not a natural phenomenon as argued by the scientific establishment. In other words, gay individuals are believed by the Florida state establishment to be pleasant in a lifestyle by choice as opposed to by a fixed destiny based on genetics from birth. The laws are usually intended to protect soc iety from the harmful consequences of one persons actions. Human beings are reasonable creatures and thus, perfectly capable of evaluating the potential consequences of their actions. Therefore, it makes experience to hold one person responsible for the harm done to the society as a consequence of his or her own risky behavior. However, the laws attempt to bring forth a delicate line between individual freedom and ones rights towards the society. This may explain why not all risky behaviors are regulated in truly democratic societies. While the goal is typically to protect every person within a society, it must also be to provide each person with the natural inalienable rights as set forth by that societys government and its people. Its people must conciliate which rights are necessary. As an example, excessive alcoholic consumption can be fatal but there are no laws dictating how many drinks one can drink in a certain period of time but laws do discourage irresponsible behaviors such as drunk driving. Even though both are risky behaviors, in the first case, the risk is born by the same person performing the action while in the sulfur case, the risk is involuntarily transferred to the society. The same reasoning could be applied to smoking laws, traffic laws, and numerous other health regulations. By the same logic, same sex marriage is a private matter that does no direct harm to the safety or security of society.

What is Rock Music Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What is Rock Music - Research Paper ExampleThe throw off medicament is a different kind of harmony for anyone to listen, save for those who love it for their own reasons.The genre came into being as inclination and roll in the linked States in the 1950s. It has various styles highly-developed over years worldwide. Rock music has heavy influences from rhythm and blues, country music, folk music, jazz and classical music. More specifically, early origins of disputation music can be traced to African American music modes in the Mississippi Delta.1 Rock and roll refers to the first wave of this phenomenon in the 1950s that developed into rock n roll music, and both terms are used interchangeably to refer to the same music genre. Michael Lydon observes that there are a lot of theories about rock music, attempting to define and distinguish it, but all these theories overlook the importance if the rock genre as music2.In this regard, rock music usually features the guitar, a rock gro up, and a 4/4 time signature in a verse chorus form. There have been several variances from this norm, depending on the kind of free radical being enhanced by the particular artist doing a rock music. The music mainly explores themes in the social and political spheres, and is dominant among white youths. Incidentally, rock is hinged on electric live performances, and based on an ideological framework of originality and authenticity. Some have defined rock music as part of the United States tradition3 but Wicke opines that it is a midway between folk music and bourgeois music.This midway is characterized by an emphasis on individuality and distortion of perspective. Rock music is also a midway between the pre mass media explosion and the current age, being the first genre of music commercialized and distributed through media such as television, radio and film as opposed to bourgeois music with its concert hall performances and strict structure. Wicke goes on

Consolidating U.S. and Foreign subsidiary financial statements Research Paper

Consolidating U.S. and Foreign subsidiary financial statements - Research Paper ExampleIs Consolidating U.S. and Foreign-based Financial Statements Hides Useful reading? The author makes a conclusion that consolidating U.S. and foreign-based financial statements withholds some information to both the public and their foreign counterparts. This is evident in many situations within their many line of work transactions and statements. The first case where crucial information about financial statements is masked is while translating foreign currency. According to the author, the literature that shows foreign currency rendition is usually categorized into four groups. The first group shows surveys issues related to the many changes that occur in the management behavior. The second, on the other hand researches on effects that come after using alternative methods of translating financial statements. The third literature is one which studies the market and the many emerging behaviors re lated to market patterns, and the final pick up reveals unlike preferences that are used as translating methods, this is done by making early adoption and embracing SFAS. However, studies that are made in the first category, a study were conducted on al roughly 70 Multinational Companies from different parts of USA. It was found out that that most management of these companies were not speculative and were very en garde as far as rate variations were concerned and were not willing to give comprehensive reports about their translational losses. It seems like these managements felt more insecure by giving out real financial statements about their standing financial status (Rodriguez 70). In respect to this, they were ready to pay big cost which would be much higher than the existing average exchange depreciation. Houston in a different report states that managements of MNCs tend to decrease their financial exposure as they adopt SFAS 52 (Houston 52). They have been very unpleased with the newly passed translational rules as they advocate for financial openness and transparency (Choi 54). This is a clear indication that most Multinational Companies to a greater extent hide some important financial information that relates to their current financial status. Example 2 If there exists a foreign debt to equity ratio of 5 in the US and the parent companys ratio is 1.25, the two of them shows different market positions at different time. Though the ratios seem vastly different from one another, it may be express that they are healthy. This is always in reference to the environment at that specific period of time. This consolidated ratio however, is given to be 2. Practically, this number is too low for a good financial environment and it can be said to be extremely high in USA. Thus, the consolidated debt in elation to prevailing equity ratio does not give us the reality in the two environments. It is clear that it contains very little and insignificant knowledge , which in fact, might be misleading. The only best way that can be employed to clearly interpreted and analyze this debt to equity ratio is through disaggregate, which means, consolidating, and later interpreting separate numbers in respect to particular environments (Rodriguez 92). In a nutshell, consolidating US and foreign financial statements masks some of its important information. This has been proved to be true by the many cases where transparent in as far as oust of

Employment loyalty on rhythm Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Employment inscription on rhythm - Essay ExampleI am very interested to mold out what drives employee loyalty and commitment considering the fact that the company and its sector are at a disadvantage in the areas of stability, resources, among other advantages that bigger companies enjoy.Rabin (2003) extensively discussed loyalty and its effect on constitutional behavior. According to him, along with the identification with an organization, employee loyalty represents an individual and psychological bond between an employee and an organization. (p. 867) That is why it is pivotal in boilers suit strategy of companies to produce value for consumers, achieve competitive advantage and, eventually, achieve profitability. Needless to say, such fact has driven numerous studies and research. As a result, the head teacher of literature on the subject is quite extensive and comprehensive. Specifically, the subjects include works about how employee loyalty contributes to an organizations co mpetitiveness, how it reflects the organization, measurement and evaluation of employee loyalty, among other issues. Some of the studies undertaken in realize to employee loyalty that are relevant in this papers objectives are outlined below1. Swayne, Duncan and Ginter (2006) explained how employee loyalty could determine the kind of culture and values an organization has. According to him, this aspect helps consumers determine whether the firm has an outstanding quality in religious service delivery because loyal employees mean companies who know how to value people. (p. 185) Loveman (1998) used the service profit chain framework in his effort to link employee satisfaction and loyalty to node satisfaction and financial performance. The author underscored that the framework hypothesized relationships between employee, customer and financial outcomes. The emphasis on these three elements makes this framework an interesting resource for

Beo-Gramscian Approaches and Marxist Thinking on International Essay

Beo-Gramscian Approaches and Marxist Thinking on International Relations - Essay ExampleGramsci who was a leader of Italian Communist party in the fascist era did non ever write much directly on international relations. Gramaci did not see convey merely as the government since its functioning is effectively constrained by the hegemony of the dominant capitalist class. Along with the government, he saw the spot of the church, the educational system, the press, all the institutions which helped to create in people certain modes of behaviour and expectations consistent with the hegemonic social order (Cox, 1993, p.51). In brief, he clearly saw that the hegemony of a dominant class thus bridged the conventional categories of state and well-bred society, categories which retained a certain analytical usefulness but ceased to correspond to separable entities in reality (Cox, 1993, p.51). Gramscis delineation of the concept passive revolution is particularly useful in characterising the social formations in most of the third earthly concern countries since they are caught up in a dialectic of revolution-restoration which tended to become blocked as neither the new forces nor the old could triumph (Cox, 1993, p.54). It means that since there is enormous pressure from the advance countries, the third world countries cannot remain stagnant although these societies are characterised by the dominance of old forces such as feudal and conservative forces. The crucial fact is that the industrial bourgeoisie in these countries cannot rule the society without allying with the reactionary forces. Most of Gramscis substantive work focused upon the analysis of national social formations in particular historic periods, particularly Italy (Gill, 1993, p.3). Gramsci is remarkable in breaking the mould of orthodoxy in both Marxist theory and practice. Gramscis ideas are so vital to develop a comprehensive understanding of the state- civil society relationships only in the West b ut also the rest of the world. Gramsci considered political economy as just the anatomy of civil society. Gramscis works foment a number of critical questions on the nature of culture, the state, ideology, hegemony and civil society in advanced capitalist societies. It does not mean that his ideas have limited relevancy to the non-Western contexts, rather denotes the particular milieu of his scholarship.In the realm of International Relations and International Political Economy, Gramscis ideas are much used in understanding the internationalisation of state and civil society, the international aspects of social hegemony and supremacy, and the transnational class and bloc formations and economic forces, the role of organic intellectuals and of international organisations and other issues which help to define the nature of globose politics in twentieth century (Gill, 1993, p.4). There is dialectical relationship between the integration and disintegration of the world order, mainly d ue to the crises faces by the ball-shaped system and the measures taken to overcome them. On the contrary, neo-realists presuppose that the international

Business Skills for Proposals and Pitches Essay - 1

Business Skills for Proposals and Pitches - Essay ExampleIn this context, slew of the country have an immense demand for spa, relaxation as well as leisure pastimes. Thai solar day spa ordain be set-up in the city owing to the fact that the available spa businesses are mostly ground on beauty products. Additionally, the treatment procedures adopted in most of the spas in the city are ground on western treatment style. Thai Day spa will provide beauty care and treatment services with traditional products, which will be obtained from Harnn Products Co. Ltd.Thai Day spa in the merchandise segment of London will intend to make its presence felt with different natural products and traditional Thai treatment services in mold to perform sustainably as well as to build a unique brand image. In this regard, the mission of the spa will provide a wiz of well-being to our customers by quality services and natural products, and they want to return to experience again.The objectives of the spa are specific to its aim, as the spa with the assistance of the objectives will be able to develop a better customer base and brand image in the long run with differentiated products on with treatments.The people need leisure and relaxation services in order to minimise stress as well as work related pressures within a presently span of time. The advantage of the spa is that it will focus on unique Thai herbal and holistic products and traditional healing philosophy based treatment services that are exclusive to the business and are not offered anywhere else in the region. These treatment facilities will be provided within a short time.Thai Day spa will provide massage as well as treatment therapies in a traditional manner skillful in Thailand. The ultimate concept of the spa will be to offer effective healing along with treatments based on holistic medicine along with Thai herbal. Correspondingly, the spa will provide different services that include Thai compress, Thai herit age massage and Thai

Comparison of Freud’s and Plato’s Aspects of Human Character Essay Example for Free

Comparison of Freuds and Platos Aspects of Human Character EssayAspects of piece character have been discussed in a sum up of cranial orbits inputs from the philosophical and political perspectives croupe be identified by how kind character is in place with respect to the society whereas concepts from the psychological field can be observed to focus more on the individual and its relationship with his environment. Such is demonstrated by Plato in his The Republic which can be seen to potentially contrast with Sigmund Freud in his discourse in Civilization and its Discontents. Plato had apparently came up with literature describing a functional society according to certain controls needful in order to establish a civilization according to certain ideologies such as justice, authority, and the intellectionl state, among others. Freud, on unity hand, tackled a world that is already in existence and presented an analysis on life and reality.From this, when it comes to their respective intelligences on the human race character, Platos The Republic presented how human character should be while Freud discussed what human character is through instinctual drives. Platos prescription for the Guardians, the social class tasked to rule the society, mentioned that their education should emphasize their love for knowledge and high spirits. This characterization can be therefore compared with Freuds discussion on eros and Death the comparison can thereby give way in identifying whether their references for the twin aspects of human character were the same or not.Platos Love of Wisdom and High SpiritsPlato proposed the kneadation of a social class called the Guardians who would rule the society. Given the keen responsibility that is going to be vested in them, these Guardians are proposed to learn certain aspects that would make them an effective ruler and manager of the state. In this case, it was brought up in the discussion in The Republic that its our j ob, as it seems, to choose, if were able, which are the reputations, and what kind they are, fit for guarding the city (Book II, 374e). Hence, the discussion resulted to a description of the Guardians, as follows (Book II, 376c)Then the man whos going to be a fine and good guardian of the city for us will in his nature be philosophic, spirited, swift, and strong.The context in which they discussed the trait of love of wisdom (Book II, 376b) apparently referred to the philosophical leanings of the Guardian. In humanitarian, possessing the love of wisdom is also associated with having the love of learning (Book 2, 376b). It can be gathered that love in this context is found on having the nature to pursuit a deep interest for knowledge thereby demonstrating how an individual can have the characteristic of an ideal ruler.In addition to the discussion on love of wisdom, possessing a high spirit or spirited is also seen as a significant characterization of a Guardian. The characters in itially discussed this aspect in the context of citing animal behavior, hence, demonstrating that the high spirits may initially come from the individuals courageous nature. What makes the human distinctive from the animals, as seen in the discussion, is how this ideal soul also injects a sense of gentleness in this natural characteristic (Book II, 375c)Yet, they must be gentle to their throw and cruel to enemies. If not, theyll not wait for others to destroy them, but theyll do it themselves beforehand.In this case, what they are looking for in a Guardian is someone who is gentle and great-spirited (Book II, 375c) the challenge, however, as noted in the dialogues, is how these two traits oppose each other.The concept of love of wisdom and high spirits in Platos work, in the context of Guardians characters, intelligibly show that they are discussing human characteristics that are admirable. The twin aspects of human character, in this case, show how these two characteristics co mplement each other in which case, the ideal person for the function is some who is spirit and by nature, philosophical.Freuds Eros and DeathThe context in which Freud discussed Eros and Death in Civilization and its Discontents is how these two instinctive forces, albeit opposing, work together in life. As Freud discussed (66)That is to say, as well as Eros there was an instinct of death. The phenomena of life could be explained from the concurrent or inversely opposing action of these two instincts A more fruitful idea was that a portion of the instinct is diverted towards the external world and comes to light as an instinct of aggressiveness and destructiveness. In this way the instinct itself could be pressed into the service of Eros, in that the organism was destroying some other thing, whether animate or inanimate, or else of destroying its own self. Conversely, any restriction of this aggressiveness directed outwards would be bound to increase the self-destruction, which i s in any case proceeding.Although Freud noted that Death, which is also associated with destruction, and flat Evil, may name his adversary not what is holy and good, but Natures power to create, to multiply lifethat is, Eros (68), he noted that Eros and Death can be debase with each other, thereby resulting to an integration which hides either purpose. An example Freud cited is how this is evident in sadism in which destruction can also bring satisfaction, the very idea in itself brings a certain degree of enjoyment.Conclusion ComparisonBased on the above discussions, the contexts in which Plato and Freud discussed love for wisdom and high spirits, and Eros and Death can be regarded to be total opposites. For Plato, how these human aspects function is for the purpose of greater good the ideal nature of the individual in the form of the Guardians is meant to benefit the society which the Guardians are tasked to serve. In this case, the intent to define these traits, which is the uni on of philosophy and spiritedness, is meant to put together an exceptional leader. In Freuds discussion, on one hand, presented a justification as to how two opposing ideas, Eros and Death, actually work, and how these are in fact a reality of human nature.Plato and Freud discussed human nature in different contexts for Plato, the opposing twin aspects of human nature (love of wisdom and high spirits) can be reconciled and further raise through education, thereby resulting to an ideal functional leader for the ideal city. Freud, on one hand, discussed how the opposing Eros and Death do exist in human nature and how this is exemplified by the presence of satisfaction in destruction the integration of Eros and Death may not result to an ideal person, but this demonstrates the human beings of the individual.Apparently, the similarity ends there the similarity can be seen in the seed of the argument which is how opposing ideas do work together as a lot of human nature. Both demonstra ted how internal contradictions further contribute to human characteristics that lead to how people eventually function. In this case, the premise of their discussion is the same only the intent of the discussion is different. For Plato, the marriage of love of wisdom and high spiritedness gives way to an ideal class in an ideal society whereas Freuds alloyed Eros and Death benefits the destruction more because it is in the face of Eros that Death can hide.Upon a close reading of the texts, there is also a similarity of the premise in terms of these two works Platos The Republic contains a series of discussions leading to the definition of an ideal state whereas Freuds Civilization and Its Discontents showed how the individual can be in conflict with the society. In addition, both agreed how the implementation of laws can establish control in a society basically manned by individuals with baser instincts however, Plato pointed out how education can manage these instincts and how pe ople can be formed into functional citizens while Freud broadly speaking highlighted how individuals will be always governed by the pleasure principle.

Annotated Bibliography Essay Example for Free

Annotated Bibliography EssayAn Annotated Bibliography Stereotypes in Advertising August, Eugene R. Real Men Dont Anti-Male preconception in the English Language. The University of Dayton Review Spring (1986) 336-347. Web. In Real Men Dont Anti-Male Bias in the English Language, Eugene August states that men have a bun in the oven been victims of negative bias equally if not more than women through sexual activity restrictive language, which limits the roles men have, gender exclusive language, which excludes men from any type of consideration, and negative male stereotypes.Throughout the article August gives examples of ways in which males ave been forced to fit a true role and if deviated from, they would be criticized and ultimately excluded from that partlyy they were versionerly attached to as an example of gender restrictive language. I agree with August in his arguments, entirely I would be a little more generous when finding victims on this subject. Women have b een do victims Just as eagle-eyed, if not longer than men have.I feel as if the male community is lashing out against the women, almost I a way on giving then a taste of their own medicine. Yet in reality I shouldnt be structured as a war of the sexes, but ather an attempt on the part of all sexes, to acknowledge and condemn gender stereotypes. Berger, John. instructions of Seeing. 1972. London, Penguin, 1990. In the book, Ways of Seeing Ch. 7, John Berger tells us that the role of publicity has evolved from oil paintings. Publicity images flock on the visual language of oil paintings, but their purpose is to manufacture glamour.This is due to the fact that the spectator-buyer is always changing, publicity aims to sell us something, and in lay to do this it must make the spectator-buyer appear incomplete to his or herself. It must make us think we atomic number 18 in claim of something more. The more, is a daydream that is created from the spectator-buyer, using the mystiqu e and lure from what publicity has given them of how they can become more derisible, by imposing a false standard of what and what is not desirable. I have a similar opinion to that of Berger.I feel that publicity is not natural, but the ware of a culture that defines an individual by what they possess. This idea of identity operator has been prostituted to a culture that tells an individual that they are no one if they do not buy the life publicized. The interesting point that Berger makes is that publicity never paints the full-of-the-moon picture for the consumer. It only provides the tools and a canvas for which to paint. Publicity allows the spectator-buyer, to paint for his or herself of what he or she could be.It is not obscence to suggest that this has become the lifeblood of our publicity promise of transformation. Fowles, Jib. Advertisings 15 Basic Appeals. Mass Advertising as Social Forecast. Santa Barbara Praeger, 1976. (16-27). Print. In the article, advertisings 15 Basic Appeals written by Jib Fowles, we learn that dvertisements make an attempt to go past out to one or more of our 15 basic emotions as outlined by Fowles. These are the fifteen basic emotional appeals that we as serviceman lack, and if crafted correctly, might result in us engaging in the advertised product.As we learn of these essential needs, we learn that adverts are not so negligent as we may have previously assumed. We learn that it is an art. The emotional appeals made in these advertisements act as the thin end on a wedge, when operate in to our conscious it then allows for the true message o flow in without almost any defense, thus accomplishing its purpose. I completely agree with the ask that Fowles made in his article. Advertisers seek to highlight and ultimately tap into our emotions to use them to persuade us into using the given product.One such emotion that is highlighted is the need for affiliation. Despite the fact that recent statistics have shown that p eople are doing things on their own more than ever before, the majority of advertisements are linked to this basic and entire emotion. This is because, Just as we as a people have an inner desire to chieve things on our own, we also need Just as oft if not more than our independence, people to share in our achievements.Fowles does a great Job in highlighting this fact as well as many others in his article based on our 15 basic emotions. Kilbourne, Jean. Bath Tissue Is Like Marriage The Corruption of Relationships. Cant Buy My Love How Advertising Changes the Way We Think and Feel. New York Touchstone, 1999. (76-94). Print. In the article, Bath Tissue Is Like Marriage The Corruption of Relationships, Jean Kilbourne speaks out virtually how advertisements sink into our deepest needs for love and nurturing, and exaltation them onto any given product.In order to accomplish this, advertisers must be able to capture our attention with something that the consumer yearns for, and then m ake the underlying message about how their product will achieve this goal. We learn that the roles of an advertiser not to care about the potential buyer, but to make the consumer feel as if they are loved. When an advertisement is able to lull us into a false sense of security, then it has ccomplished its Job. Kilbourne concludes with exposing that advertising has come to the point of promising that a product can gestate that which can only be given given by Kilbourne.In her article she sates that that advertisements exist to exploit or very real and inner gentleman desires. As we look at advertisement in any medium, we find out that until we have associated ourselves with a certain product or brand, we are not enough. Whether it be ads replacing human relationships, men dominating women, or even that one cell phone is superior to another, all tug at the need to be n top, and without these products we are found wanting.But the hang up with the promise of accomplishment from a pro duct is that it only last as long as the ads. Every time we turn on the television or the radio, we are exposed to hundreds of ads that dissect everything that is human about us and assigns a product to it. We shall ever be found wanting in the eyes in the world, the only escape is for us to search for what truly matters and stick to it. Wall, David. It Is And It Isnt Stereotypes, Advertising And Narrative. diary Of Popular Culture 41. (2008) 1033-1050.Academic Search Premier. Web. 29 Sept. 2013. In the article, It Is And It Isnt Stereotypes, Advertising And Narrative. by David Wall, is claimed that stereotypes in advertising are still being used because they are still a viable way for advertisers to move a product because of familiarity. A point that Wall makes is that consumers see through the stereotype and the false climas made by advertisers, and the advertisers know this. So what the advertiser does is then play on manipulation of the mixed emotions of desire and anxiety.Th e product then ecomes, by the consumers own doing, the bosom of happiness, freedom, and the channel to an altered paradisiacal reality. I agree with the claims made in this article. Interestingly enough Wall makes the accusation stereotypes will tell us much more about those doing the representing than those being represented(1037). This is interesting because in the rest of the article Wall discusses the fact of stereotyping and the reasons behind it, political, historical, cultural, and so on. But he never real comes back to his very strong comment.I would go a step further with this remark nd say that not only do stereotypes in advertisements reflect what the presenters think about different situation, but what the presenter believes the viewer-consumer believes about different situations. For the viewer not to be overly effected by the stereotypes they are exposed to, they need to learn, what Wall calls the language of analysis. Which is to allow those whom are targeted to see beyond smoke and mirrors of it all and understand stereotype as a form of cultural advertisement for the self that is inseparable from the wider cultural narratives that create it(1049).

Gaul Caesar applied Roman Essay Example for Free

Gaul Caesar applied Roman EssayWhen considering whether Julius Caesar was an effective leader two main atomic number 18as must be taken into account his generalship and his political positions of power within the Roman Republic. Effectiveness is the degree to which something is successful in producing a desired result of success. This question depends on both his lifetime and the state in which he left Rome on his death. By sexual climax his entire political career, including his first consulship prior to his military machine career in Gaul, as well as his dictatorship and in terms of his military exploits, concentrating on the Gallic wars. Also using certain criteria of effective leaders and judge whether he stands up to them, such criteria include decision making without compromising ain integrity, an ability to fit unforeseen circumstances within an ultimate design, persuasion and the skill to win nation over, acceptance of criticism to maintain morale and the choice of competent subordinates. 1 By challenging Caesars personality, as seen by dint of writings on his life, it will discern qualities which stand him as an effective leader and those that do non.It is important to keep in mind that he was a man who was overshadowed by his past and that of his relatives a weak man suffering from epilepsy and a infirm body and coming from a damaged noble family, a relative of Marius who had insulted the Senate greatly. It is certainly a great achievement of a man to be considered among the sterling(prenominal) of Roman generals and be dictator from such origins. There are furthermore a soma of questions to approach when tackling this subject. First and foremost whether Caesars decisions, by analysis of the consequences, lay down him worthy of being viewed as an effective leader?In addition whether Caesar learnt from the past, most importantly the recent past, must be examined, and also a number of comparisons between himself and his contemporaries s uch as Pompey Magnus and Lucius Sulla. Was Caesars final victory of his own strategy and skills, or the failings of his opposition? Does assassination automatically mean failure as a leader? Was Caesar was justified in his actions? Especially military and how his wartime experience affected his later political career.First off approaching his military business and subsequently then his political exploits this allows creation of a clear comparison between his pre-war consulship and his dictatorship having explored his generalship. With all the evidence available of Caesar many interpretation are possible, as a tyrant or a benign dictator. Does some of this interpretation by historians that he was a tyrant lead him to be viewed as an ineffective leader? There is a clear two-sided argument to this debate, and Caesar is noteworthy but not exceptional.Caesars military service was exceptional and he had a great number of successes with minimal failures. As governor of Cisalpine Gaul and Gallia Narb one and only(a)nsis he adopted a strategy of forward defence, falling very much in line with the traditional Republi dope sentiment that a pre-emptive strike to an enemy that may one day attack was the best policy to adopt. 2 He utilised the aggression of the Helvetii tribes incursion into lands allied to the Romans to create open warfare with Gaul. This was an act of clear effective leadership by Caesar.By doing so he had seized the initiative not only to demonstrate his military intrepidity, but to make a strong political statement back in Rome. Many historians do not give this act much credence in it itself, but it was a singular one of brilliance. He did not bet for an opportunity to occur, he made the opportunity himself. Caesars enigma is that he was such an effective military man who also understood and took into account the political repercussions of his actions sagaciousness their significance. In this episode Caesar openly displays a number of his more exc eptional qualities as a general.Although a man blighted by physical failing he stood and fought alongside his men facing the same hardships as they did The fight bodied general who was capable of inspiring whole legions with his courage, who shared every oomph and hardship that he imposed upon his men. 3 This engagement alongside his soldiers the act of a truly different and exceptional leader in Caesars case. only can one man change the outcome of a battle? His own recordings in The Conquest of Gaul would argue so, but this is just evidence of his accustom of propaganda to further his political career.The political ramifications are kept in the background from any recordings and analysis of his life. The effects would have brought Rome into a period of safety device and enhanced commercial growth this must definitely be taken into account as one of Caesars main aims. He wanted to involve the deal of Rome in the expansion he was accomplishing. Caesar very shrewdly evoked the fear that had plagued the Roman people and the Senate of the Gauls. Previously the Visigoths had sacked Rome and its memory had lingered. through and through this he legitimised his war.He exhibited many attributes of an effective military leader. His victories made him a hero of the people, and increased his political power in Rome making it unwieldy for the Senate to stand against him. Through his military achievements he succeeded in his aims to prove himself and to make a political point to the Senate. Caesars conquest of Gaul was swift and decisive. In one instance he adapted his military genius into naval warfare. A new tactic saw the use of hooks to immobilise the Venetis (a northern Gallic tribe) vessels so that the Romans could more easily destroy them.4 This is just one event among many where he proved his proficiency as a fighting man. The peace ensuing from his subjugation of Gaul had a number of effects it enabled greater commerce between Rome and Gaul, and served to allay any fears of invasion. Ultimately leading to a more stable and powerful Rome. He succeeded in achieving his two main aims as a general, to prepare for his political career, and to engage the Roman people in his vision for a new empire. On the defeat of a German intrusion into Gaul Caesar applied Roman ingenuity and built a bridge across the Rhine which he immediately destroyed.This singular seemingly unimportant act was a major part of Caesars strategy. It is clear from Plutarch that Caesar when he could, would avoid military action, he did not always desire war. Philip Freeman agrees with Plutarch on this point, and there is much corroboration between historians on this. He aimed to achieve peace through negotiation rather than by force. Such as he did to the invading Germans until they broke dialogue with force. His action prevented a further invasion by Germanic tribes because he had emphasised his dominance, he was commander of a superior army.Alongside his strategy of fo rward defence, Caesar incorporated a rule of divide and conquer. By reward some tribes for their loyalty to Rome he extended his control over Gaul through their support, at the same time ruling another(prenominal) nations with an iron fist. In recognising that the tribes needed to be treated differently is a sign of his strong leadership. He was a man inclined to mercy until double cross by those he had been merciful to, and then he became vengeful and aggressive. He rectified his mistakes immediately and did not dwell on them.This was an ability that sets him apart from other military commanders from history. The Gallic uprising of 54BC was a strong challenge to his control. It was at his siege of Alesia, the final large Gallic stronghold that exceptional examples of Caesars military prowess can be found. He entrenched his legions between two separate palisades. His victory at Alesia relied on timing. His cavalry placed behind the Gallic residue force engaged on his order at th e most pivotal point of battle. This was greatest military victory of Caesars career and his most famous.He had set up himself as a virtual king in Gaul. 5 He was an exceptional general, in that all historians agree. There is no debate that suspects his qualities as a military man. But Caesar did not experience an easy campaign during his time in Gaul. He did encounter failures. His invasions, first in 55BC he was forced to paying back having been woefully unprepared and then in 54BC due to the uprising led to disaster. This was not only a military but political failure also, he had promised Rome to have the island of Britain under control within a year. He was arrogant and had overestimated his ability.But his arrogance maintained his temperament whatever his own doubt and weariness, his outward show of confidence remained as sovereign as ever. 6 Although in these examples Caesar had failed in his armed feats he took the criticism given by his opponents and move resolutely, an indication of an effective leader. This opens a question on the judgement that led him to invade Britain? I would argue that it was simply because he believed that he could not fail. But this setback tempered his arrogance. In these two efforts he was not an effective leader, he had made a poor decision and was unsuccessful.But we cannot expect a general to be perfect. What sets Caesar apart from all others was his ability to rectify his mistakes. Following his initial loss against Vercingetorix he took the initiative in sieging Alesia, recouping any loss of prestige. To the Romans, no truer measure of a man could be found than his capacity to withstand grim ordeals of exhaustion and blood. By such reckoning, Caesar had proved himself the foremost man in the Republic. 7 Holland argues that due to Caesars military accomplishments only, he had established himself as the greatest man in Rome.On the other hand, Zwi Yavetz argues he relied so much on his personal charm that he overlooked the need for tact Success lay open to a less brilliant and therefore more patient of man i. e. Augustus8 Yavetz opinion that Augustus was a more brilliant man intimates that Julius was not preeminent. He takes into account his political career, and argues that his assassination was due to his personality, and therefore he was not an effective leader, he left Rome in a state of civil hostility and Augustus Caesar was a more appropriate man to succeed in Rome.

History and overview: Catalytic converter

History and overview catalytic substituteorA catalytic converter (colloqui all toldy, cat or catcon) is a device utilise to decrease the toxicity of emissions from an internal conflagration engine. A catalytic converter works by using a accelerator to stimulate a chemical reaction in which toxic by- produces of combustion be converted to less-toxic substances.First widely introduced on series-production automobiles in the U.S. grocery for the 1975 model twelvemonth to comply with tightening EPA regulations on auto squirt, catalytic converters are still most(prenominal) unremarkably used in repulse vehicle oust systems. Catalytic converters are also used on generator sets, forklifts, mining equipment, trucks, buses, trains, airplanes and separate engine-equipped machines.HistoryThe catalytic converter was invented by Eugene Houdry, a French mechanical take and expert in catalytic oil refining1 who lived in the United States. Around 1950, when the results of early studi es of smog in Los Angeles were published, Houdry became concerned about the role of automobile rout out in air pollution and founded a special company, Oxy-Catalyst, to develop catalytic converters for grease-gunoline engines an idea ahead of its time for which he was awarded a patent (US2742437). general adoption had to wait until the extremely effective anti-knock agent tetraHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra-ethyl_lead-HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra-ethyl_leadethylHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra-ethyl_lead HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetra-ethyl_leadlead was eliminated from most gasoline over environmental concerns, as the agent would foul the converter by forming a coating on the particle accelerators stand up, effectively disabling it.2The catalytic converter was further developed by JohnHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Mo unityy J. HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._Mo unrivaledyMooney and CarlHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_D._Keith D. HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_D._KeithKeith at the Engel cloggyHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelhard_Corpo dimensionn HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelhard_CorporationCorporation,3 creating the first production catalytic converter .Metal-core converterCeramic-core converterThe catalytic converter consists of several componentsThe core, or substrate. The core is often a ceramic honeycomb in modern catalytic converters, but stainlessHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steel HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stainless_steelsteel transparentness honeycombs are also used. The honey-comb surface increases the amount of surface area available to support the catalyst, and therefore is often called a catalystHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst_support HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalyst_supportsupport. The ceramic substrate was invented by RodneyHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.o rg/wiki/Rodney_Bagley HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_BagleyBagley, IrwinHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_Lachman HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_LachmanLachman and RonaldHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Lewis_(scientist)action=editredlink=1 HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronald_Lewis_(scientist)action=editredlink=1Lewis at CorningHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corning_Glass HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corning_GlassGlass, for which they were inducted into the themeHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_FameInventorsHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_FameHallHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame of HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_F ameFame in 2002.The washcoat. A washcoat is used to make converters more efficient, often as a admixture of silicon oxide and alumina. The washcoat, when hited to the core, forms a rough, irregular surface, which has a far greater surface area than the flat core surfaces do, which then gives the converter core a titanicr surface area, and therefore more places for active valued metal sites. The catalyst is added to the washcoat (in suspension) before being applied to the core.The catalyst itself is most often a precious metal. platinum is the most active catalyst and is widely used. It is not suitable for all applications, however, because of unwanted additional reactions and/or cost. Palladium and rhodium are both opposite precious metals used. Platinum and rhodium are used as a reduction catalyst, dapple platinum and palladium are used as an oxidization catalyst. Cerium, iron, manganese and nickel are also used, although each has its own limitations. Nickel is not sub j udice for use in the European Union (due to reaction with one C monoxide). Copper stomach be used everywhere except North America, where its use is illegal due to the formation of dioxin.How Catalytic Converters WorkJames L. Amos/National Geographic/Getty ImagesA large pile of platinum lined catalytic converters. See more green living pictures.There are millions of cars on the alley in the United States, and each one is a source of air pollution. Especially in large cities, the amount of pollution that all the cars produce unneurotic can create well-favored problems.To solve those problems, cities, states and the federal government create clean-air laws that restrict the amount of pollution that cars can produce. Over the years, automakers have made more refinements to car engines and fuel systems to discover up with these laws. One of these variety shows came about in 1975 with an interesting device called a catalytic converter. The job of the catalytic converter is to conv ert harmful pollutants into less harmful emissions before they ever leave the cars exhaust system.Catalytic converters are amazingly simple devices, so it is incredible to see how big an impact they have. In this article, you will learn which pollutants are produced by an engine and how a catalytic converter deals with each of these pollutants to dish up reduceedit Typesedit Two-wayA two-way catalytic converter has two simultaneous tasksOxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide 2CO + O2 2CO2Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (unburnt and partially-burnt fuel) to carbon dioxide and water CxH2x+2 + (3x+1)/2 O2 xCO2 + (x+1) H2O (a combustion reaction)This face of catalytic converter is widely used on diesel engine engines to reduce hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. They were also used on gasoline engines in USA market automobiles until 1981. Due to their inability to view nitrous oxide NOHYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nighttimex, they were superseded by lead-w ay converters.edit Three-waySince 1981, three-way catalytic converters have been used in vehicle emission control systems in North America and many other countries on roadgoing vehicles. A three-way catalytic converter has three simultaneous tasksReduction of northward oxides to nitrogen and atomic number 8 2NOx xO2 + N2Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide 2CO + O2 2CO2Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) to carbon dioxide and water CxH2x+2 + (3x+1)/2O2 xCO2 + (x+1)H2OThese three reactions evanesce most efficiently when the catalytic converter receives exhaust from an engine directning slightly above the stoichiometric point. This point is between 14.6 and 14.8 parts air to 1 part fuel, by weight, for gasoline. The ratio for LPG, natural gas and ethanol fuels is slightly different, requiring modified fuel system settings when using those fuels. Generally, engines fitted with 3-way catalytic converters are equipped with a computerized closed-loop feedback fuel injec tion system using one or more oxygen sensors, though early in the deployment of 3-way converters, carburetors equipped for feedback mixture control were used. While a 3-way catalyst can be used in an open-loop system, NOx reduction efficiency is low. Within a narrow fuel/air ratio band surrounding stoichiometry, conversion of all three pollutants is nearly complete. However, outside that band, conversion efficiency falls very rapidly. When there is more oxygen than required, the system is said to be running lean, and the system is in oxidizing condition. In that case, the converters two oxidizing reactions (oxidation of CO and hydrocarbons) are favoured, at the expense of the reduction of NOx. When there is excessive fuel, the engine is running rich the reduction of NOx is favoured, at the expense of CO and HC oxidation.edit Oxygen storageThree-way catalytic converters can store oxygen from the exhaust gas stream, usually when the air fuel ratio goes lean.5 When insufficient oxygen is available from the exhaust stream, the stored oxygen is released and consumed (see cerium(IV) oxide). This lean-ness occurs either when oxygen derived from NOx reduction is unavailable or certain maneuvers such as hard acceleration enrich the mixture beyond the ability of the converter to supply oxygen.edit Unwanted reactionsUnwanted reactions can occur in the three-way catalyst, such as the formation of odiferous hydrogen sulfide and ammonia. Formation of each can be limited by modifications to the washcoat and precious metals used. It is difficult to eliminate these byproducts entirely. Sulfur-free or low-sulfur fuels eliminate or reduce hydrogen sulfide.For example, when control of hydrogen sulfide emissions is desired, nickel or manganese is added to the washcoat. Both substances act to block the adsorption of sulfur by the washcoat. hydrogen sulfide is formed when the washcoat has adsorbed sulfur during a low temperature part of the operating cycle, which is then released d uring the high temperature part of the cycle and the sulfur combines with HC.edit For diesel enginesFor compression-ignition (i.e., diesel) engines, the most car parkly used catalytic converter is the diesel oxidation catalyst. This catalyst uses O2 (oxygen) in the exhaust gas stream to convert CO (carbon monoxide) to CO2 (carbon dioxide) and HC (hydrocarbons) to H2O (water) and CO2. These converters often locomote at 90% efficiency, virtually eliminating diesel odor and helping to reduce visible particulates (soot). But they cannot reduce NOx because chemical reactions always occur in the simplest possible way, and the existing O2 in the exhaust gas stream would react first.To reduce NOx on a compression ignition engine, the chemical composition of the exhaust must first be changed. Two main techniques are used exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and selective catalytic reduction (SCR). NOx trapping (with NOx absorbers) is a third method, but as of yet (2010), is not widely used.Die sel engine exhaust contains relatively high levels of particulate matter (soot), consisting in large part of elemental carbon. Catalytic converters cannot clean up elemental carbon, though they do channelise up to 90% of the dissoluble organic fractioncitation needed, so particulates are cleaned up by a soot trap or diesel particulate filter (DPF). In the United States, all on-road heavy-duty vehicles powered by diesel and built after 1 January 2007 must be equipped with a catalytic converter and a diesel particulate filter.6Instead of catalysis, a reagent such as ammonia pyrolyzed in situ from urea, is sometimes used to reduce the NOx into nitrogen. One trademark product to do this is AdBlue.edit For lean-burn enginesFor lean burn spark ignition engines, an oxidation catalyst is used in the same manner as in a diesel engine.edit generalisationMany vehicles have a pre-catalyst located close to the engines exhaust manifold. This unit heats up quickly due to its proximity to the en gine, and reduces cold-engine emissions by burning off hydrocarbons from the extra-rich mixture used in a cold engine.Many three-way catalytic converters utilize an air injection tube between the first (NOx reduction) and second (HC and CO oxidation) stages of the converter. This tube is fed by a secondary air injection system. The injected air provides oxygen for the catalysts oxidizing reaction. These systems also sometimes include an upstream air injector to require oxygen to the exhaust system before it reaches the catalytic converter. This precleans the extra-rich exhaust from a cold engine, and helps bring the catalytic converter quickly up to operating temperature. nearly newer systems do not employ air injection. Instead, they provide a constantly varying mixture that quickly and continually cycles between lean and rich to keep the first catalyst (NOx reduction) from becoming oxygen loaded, and to keep the second catalyst (CO oxidization) sufficiently oxygen-saturated. They also utilize several oxygen sensors to monitor the exhaust, at least one before the catalytic converter for each bank of cylinders, and one after the converter. Some systems contain the reduction and oxidation functions separately rather than in a common housing.edit Damageedit PoisoningCatalyst poisoning occurs when the catalytic converter is exposed to exhaust containing substances that coat the working surfaces, encapsulating the catalyst so that it cannot get through and treat the exhaust. The most notable contaminant is lead, so vehicles equipped with catalytic converters can only be run on unleaded gasoline. Other common catalyst poisons include manganese primarily from the gasoline additive MMT, and silicone which can enter the exhaust stream if the engine has a leak allowing coolant into the combustion chamber. Phosphorus is another catalyst contaminant. Although phosphorus is no longer used in gasoline, it (and zinc, another low-level catalyst contaminant) was until recen tly widely used in engine oil antiwear additives such as ZDDP. Beginning in 2006, a rapid phaseout of ZDDP in engine oils began.citation neededDepending on the contaminant, catalyst poisoning can sometimes be reversed by running the engine low a very heavy load for an extended period of time. The increased exhaust temperature can sometimes liquefy or sublimate the contaminant, removing it from the catalytic surface. However, remotion of lead deposits in this manner is usually not possible due to leads high boil point.edit MeltdownAny condition that causes abnormally high levels of unburned hydrocarbons raw or partially-burnt fuel to reach the converter will tend to significantly elevate its temperature, take the risk of a meltdown of the substrate and resultant catalytic deactivation and severe exhaust restriction. Vehicles equipped with OBD-II diagnostic systems are designed to alert the driver of a misfire condition, along with other malfunctions, by means of the Check Engin e light on the dashboard.edit RegulationsThis section does not citeany references or sources.Please help improve this articleby adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challengedand removed. (March 2009)Emissions regulations vary considerably from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. In North America, most spark ignition engines of over 25 brake horsepower (19 kW) output built after January 1, 2004 are equipped with three-way catalytic converters. In Japan, a similar set of regulations came into effect January 1, 2007, while the European Union has not yet enacted analogous regulations. Most automobile spark ignition engines in North America have been fitted with catalytic converters since the mid-1970s, and the engineering science used in non-automotive applications is generally based on automotive technology.Regulations for diesel engines are similarly varied, with some jurisdictions snap on NOx (nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide) emissions and others focusing on particulate (soot) emissions. The regulatory diversity is challenging for manufacturers of the engine as it may not be economical to design an engine to meet two sets of regulations.Regulations of fuel quality vary across jurisdictions. In North America, Europe, Japan, and Hong Kong, gasoline and diesel fuel are highly regulated, and CNG and LPG are being reviewed for regulation. In most of Asia and Africa, the regulations are often lax in some places sulfur content of the fuel can reach 20,000 parts per million (2%). Any sulfur in the fuel can be change to SO2 (sulfur dioxide) or even SO3 (sulfur trioxide) in the combustion chamber. If sulfur passes over a catalyst, it may be further oxidized in the catalyst, i.e. (SO2 may be further oxidized to SO3). Sulfur oxides are precursors to sulfuric acid, a major component of acid rain. While it is possible to add substances like vanadium to the catalyst wash coat to combat sulfur oxide formation, such addition will reduce the effective ness of the catalyst. The most effective closure is to further refine fuel at the refinery to produce ultra-low sulfur diesel. Regulations in Japan, Europe, and North America tightly restrict the amount of sulfur permitted in motor fuels. However, the expense of producing such clean fuel make it impractical for use in many developing countries. As a result, cities in these countries with high levels of vehicular traffic suffer from acid rain, which damages stone and woodwork of buildings and damages local ecosystems.edit Negative aspectsSome early converter designs greatly restricted the hang up of exhaust, which negatively affected vehicle performance, driveability, and fuel economy.7 Because they were used with carburetors incapable of precise fuel/air mixture control, they could overheat and set fire to flammable materials under the car.8 Removing a modern catalytic converter in new condition will only slightly increase vehicle performance without retuning,9 but their removal o r gutting continues.7HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_convertercite_note-910 The exhaust section where the converter was may be replaced with a welded-in section of straight pipe, or a flanged section of test pipe legal for off-road use that can then be replaced with a similarly fitted converter-choked section for legal on-road use, or emissions testing.9 In the US and many other jurisdictions, it is illegal to remove or disable a catalytic converter for any reason other than its immediate replacementcitation needed vehicles without functioning catalytic converters generally fail emission inspections. The aftermarket supplies high-flow converters for vehicles with upgraded engines, or whose owners prefer an exhaust system with larger-than-stock capacity.11edit Warm-up periodMost of the pollution put out by a car occurs during the first five transactions before the catalytic converter has warmed up sufficiently.12edit Environmental impactCatalytic converters have prov en to be reliable and effective in reducing noxious tailpipe emissions. However, they may have some adverse environmental impacts in useThe requirement for a rich burn engine to run at the stoichiometric point means it uses more fuel than a lean burn engine running at a mixture of 201 or less. This increases the amount of fossil fuel consumed and the carbon dioxide emissions of the vehicle. However, NOx control on lean burn engines is problematic.Although catalytic converters are effective at removing hydrocarbons and other harmful emissions, they do not solve the fundamental problem created by burning a fossil fuel. In addition to water, the main combustion product in exhaust gas leaving the engine through a catalytic converter or not is carbon dioxide (CO2).13 Carbon dioxide produced from fossil fuels is one of the greenhouse gases indicated by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to be a most likely cause of global warming.14 Additionally, the U.S. Environmenta l Protection commission (EPA) has stated catalytic converters are a significant and growing cause of global warming, due to their release of nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas over 300 times more potent than carbon dioxide.15Catalytic converter production requires palladium or platinum part of the world supply of these precious metals is produced near the Russian city of Norilsk, where the industry (among others) has caused Norilsk to be added to Time Magazines list of most polluted places.16edit TheftDue to the external location and the use of priceless precious metals including platinum, palladium, and rhodium, converters are a target for thieves. The problem is especially common among late-model Toyota trucks and SUVs, due to their high ground clearance and easily-removed bolt-on catalytic converters. Welded-in converters are also at risk of theft from SUVs and trucks, as they can be easily removed.17HYPERLINK http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_convertercite_note-1718 The ft removal of the converter can often inadvertently damage the cars wiring or fuel line resulting in dangerous consequences. Rises in metal costs in the United States during recent years have led to a large increase in theft incidents of the converter,19 which can then cost as much as $1000 to replace.20edit DiagnosticsVarious jurisdictions now legislate on-board nosology to monitor the function and condition of the emissions control system, including the catalytic converter. On-board diagnostic systems take several forms.edit Temperature sensorsTemperature sensors are used for two purposes. The first is as a ensample system, typically on 2-Way catalytic converters such as are still sometimes used on LPG forklifts. The function of the sensor is to warn of catalytic converter temperature above the safe limit of 750 C (1,380 F). More recent catalytic converter designs are not as susceptible to temperature damage and can detain sustained temperatures of 900 C (1,650 F).citation need ed Temperature sensors are also used to monitor catalyst functioning usually two sensors will be fitted, with one before the catalyst and one after to monitor the temperature rise over the catalytic converter core. For every 1% of CO in the exhaust gas stream the exhaust gas temperature will rise by 100C.citation needededit Oxygen sensorsThe Oxygen sensor is the basis of the closed loop control system on a spark ignited rich burn engine, however it is also used for diagnostics. In vehicles with OBD II, a second oxygen sensor is fitted after the catalytic converter to monitor the O2 levels. The on-board computer makes comparisons between the readings of the two sensors. If both sensors give the same output, the computer recognizes the catalytic converter is not functioning or removed, and will operate a check engine light and retard engine performance. Simple oxygen sensor simulators have been developed to circumvent this problem by simulating the change across the catalytic convert er with plans and pre-assembled devices available on the internet, though these are not legal for on-road use.21 Similar devices apply an offset to the sensor signals, allowing the engine to run a more fuel economical lean burn that may however damage the engine or the catalytic converter.22edit NOx sensorsNOx sensors are extremely expensive and are generally only used when a compression ignition engine is fitted with a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) converter, or a NOx absorber catalyst in a feedback system. When fitted to an SCR system, there may be one or two sensors. When one sensor is fitted it will be pre-catalyst, when two are fitted the second one will be post catalyst. They are utilized for the same reasons and in the same manner as an oxygen sensor the only difference is the substance being monitored.